Parimal Infotech: 2018

Thursday, August 30, 2018

Saturday, April 28, 2018

Learn About Computer A+ Hardware

What is Hardware?

Hardware means the physical component of computer, which can we see, touch & repairable.
E.g.: Monitor, keyboard, Mouse. Cabinet, Hard disk, Ram, Floppy disk, S.M.P.S, D.V.D Drive, These Are The Part Of Computer.
In Hardware we can do assembling or dissembling.
In Hardware how to install software will be explain.
If any problem in hardware we can find it from trouble shooting.

What is A+ ?

A+ is an international syllabus,which will be common around the world. This syllabus made by Comp.T.I.A ( Computer Technology Industry Association ).
For this online exam will be given if we can get success then we will get a certificate.
That will be accept all over world.
exam Paper code is 2207-01 and 2207-02.
If you pass out the exam you will be able to open and laptop and other computer device. Because you are the authorize person by Comp.T.I.A.

What is Comp T.I.A ?

Computer Technology Industrial Association.
Comp T.I.A is the association of all manufacturing companies of Hardware components.
It is also published Hardware Syllabus (A+) & Networking Syllabus(N+).
Was created in 1982

Data & Information

DATA means Row material.
E.g. 7
Which can we input
Information means reap material.
E.g. I have 7 pens.
Which can we get.

Types of Data

Hard copy Data: Which can we see, Which can we touch, that is known as Hard copy data.(News Paper, Textbook, etc.)

Soft Copy Data: Which can we see but we cant touch that is known as soft copy data.( Downloaded File, Document File,etc.)

How to Convert the data

Hard copy to soft copy: Scanner
Soft copy to Hard copy: Printer
Hard copy to Hard copy: Xerox
Soft copy to Soft copy: Hard disk to CD

Units of data

Bit: 0 or 1
4 Bits: 1 Nibble
2 Nibbles: 1 Byte
1024 Bytes: 1 KB
1024 KB: 1 MB
1024 MB: 1 GB
1024 GB: 1TB
1024 TB: 1 PB
1024 PB: 1 E.X.A
1024 E X A: 1 Z.B
1024 Z B: 1YB

Types of Devices

INPUT DEVICE
OUTPUT DEVICE
STORAGE DEVICE
PROCESSING DEVICE

INPUT DEVICE

Which can we use for input our data, that is known as input Device.
E.g. Keyboard, Mouse, Webcam,etc.

OUTPUT DEVICE

Which can we use for get our data, that is known as output device.
E.g. Monitor, Printer, etc.

STORAGE DEVICE

Which can we use for store our data from processing devise, that is known as storage device.
E.g. Hard disk, Pen Drive, CD.

PROCESSING DEVICE

Which can we use for process our data between input device & output device that is known as processing device.
E.g. Processor

Hardware Components

Monitor
Cabinet
Keyboard
Mouse
S.M.P.S (switch mode power supply)
Hard disk
Motherboard
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Processor
CD DVD Drive
Floppy Drive

Monitor

Monitor is an output device. Which can gave to output our inputted data.
Monitor used 120 voltage power supply.

Difference between Monitor and TV.

Monitor is machine that display processed data as output of input data on its screen. When TV is an electronic machine that work on sensor.

Types Of Monitor

(1) Analogue

This monitor was black & white and currently there are out of date.

(2) Digital

There are two types of monitor.

Black & White (VDU)

Video Display Unit
In past time there was special kind of monitor in used. that was black & white. that use 9 pin VDU cable.

Color ( VGA )

Video Graphics Array
In present time we used this type of monitor. which used 15 pin VGA cable. and its connected directly motherboard.
There are four types of monitor.

(A) CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

In CRT there is electronic is present when we switch on then electronic gun beam will reflect on electronic. in CRT chemical name phosphorus layer is used. when we switch on power then phosphorus will heated with R.G.B(Red, Green, Blue) and which will form a picture on the display.

(B) LCD (Liquid Cristal Display)

In LCD when we switch on the electronic gun beam will reflect in electronic tube.In LCD liquid is used which is heated with R.G.B and form a number of small dots which create picture on Display.

(C) LED (Light Emitting Diode)

An LED monitor is basically the new version of the LCD monitor that you connect to your computer. in this types of monitor are used small LED lamp.

(D) T.F.T (Thin Film Transistor)

In this types of monitor magnetic foiled is used. there are several type of film transistor on this magnetic foiled. Its looks light LCD but lighter in weight than LCD. Its consume less voltage than LCD.

Keyboard & Mouse

Types of Keyboard
1. Normal Keyboard: In normal keyboard are 102 to 104 keys are present.

Multimedia Keyboard: In multimedia keyboard are 112 to 136 keys are present.

Types Of Keys Of Keyboard

Numeric key: ( 0 to 0 with symbol )
Alphabetic Key: ( A to Z )
Function Key: (F1 to F12
Special Key: ( Shift, tab, caps lock, number lock, scroll lock, Alt, Window, Space bar, delete, home, End, page up, page down, insert, enter, print screen, page break.

Types of Mouse

Mechanical Mouse : It is working by small ball.today we are not show this type of mouse.
Optical Mouse : Today we are use optical mouse. it is work by laser. so it also known as laser mouse.
Touch pad Mouse : It is used for laptop. it is work by finger. it has 2.2 inch mouse plate.
Pan Mouse : It is use for drawing the picture.

Cabinet

cabinet is used to secure all parts of CPU.
There are five types of cabinet

Full Tower Cabinet: Full tower cabinet is used for specially server system.
Mid Tower Cabinet: Now days a cabinet which we used is know as mid tower cabinet.
Mini Tower Cabinet: In old time a cabinet which is used is know as mid tower cabinet.
Slim Tower Cabinet: A cabinet which can we can put down to the desktop which slim in size is known as slim tower cabinet.
Desktop Cabinet: A cabinet which is fitted in the desktop is known as desktop cabinet.

S.M.P.S (Switch Mode Power Supply)

Work of S.M.P.S is to send power to all parts of computer without a monitor. power capacity of S.M.P.S is 450 voltage. our computer will require DC power and a power which is present to our home office is AC power. so S.M.P.S will convert AC current to DC current.
Types of S.M.P.S : (1) AT(Advance Technology) (2) A.T.X(Advance Technology Extended)

Connectors Of S.M.P.S

AT/A.T.X Connectors: This connector will send power to motherboard and it power supply is 20 voltage.
Moles Connector: This connector is used to send power to P.A.T.A hard disk and CD ROM. it will send 4v. power supply and it had 4 pins.
Chip Connector: This connector is used to send power to S.A.T.A hard disk and s.a.t.a. CD ROM.
Burge Connector: this connector will send power to floppy drive.

Trouble Shooting Of S.M.P.S

When our p.c will restart time and time then we can say that the power which is require it our p.c is not getting to it so for sending it require power. in generally such case there is in p.c at connector (24+4) pin is only join. so we have to join (24+4+4)pin.
To check that S.M.P.S is working or not working we have to take one AT connector and put U pin it 1 pin to green cable and 1 pin to black cable and then if it fan will work than said that our S.M.P.S is working.

Types Of Memory

(1) Internal Memory

A memory by which we can load a data is known as internal memory.
E.g: RAM And ROM.

ROM: Rom is a non volatile memory that store the basic input output system program and the hardware settings.
RAM: RAM is a volatile memory used for storing the user data temporarily when the CPU is processing information.

(2) External Memory

A Memory by which we can save and load data is know as external memory.
E.g : Hard disk, pen drive.

Hard Disk

Hard disk is one type of permanent storage device. it will used 17 voltage power supply. it is an external memory. A data were save on hard disk is at platter and on platter data will save in sector wise form.in one sector there will be 512 MB data will save. A data which is present on platter it will read and write with help of head and on head there is magnate present on front of it.

Types Of Hard Disk

P.A.T.A ( Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment ) IN P.A.T.A hard disk there is 4 pin moles connector used for power supply. in P.A.T.A there are 8 pin jumper setting that is divided in two pairs.(1. Primary master 2. primary slave 3 secondary master 4 secondary slave ) these all pins of jumper providing hard disk detection to the CPU. in this jumper setting hard disk and CD DVD writers alternative assembled. That means if hard disk is in primary master than CD DVD writer or other hard disk are should be connected with other three jumper setting. Beside of jumper setting 39 pin I.D.E cable ( integrated drive electronics ) is available for transferring data between mother board to hard disk and hard disk to mother board.
S.A.T.A ( Serial Advanced Technology Attachment ) In S.A.T.A hard disk to supply the power chip connector is used. and if there is no chip connector is available than 4 pin moles connector should be joined with chip converted. In S.A.T.A. hard disk jumper setting are done by default. Be side the chip converter there is S.A.T.A. cable. that prefer data transfer between hard disk and mother board.

Process Of Hard Disk

The hard disk consist platters. on which data is saved. the read write head has small magnet on the top of it.which is used to read and write the data. The number of head are equal to the no of platter on the hard disk. The data are store sector wise on the hard disk. Each sector store 512 bytes of data. data are saved as block wise on the sector.

Trouble Shooting Of Hard Disk

If the jumper setting is not enable then the hard disk detection error will occurred.
If the I.D.E cable is not inserted properly than the Disk boot failure error occurred.
If any pin of I.D.E connector is damage, than the fatal error will come at the time of x.p installation.

RAM ( Random Access Memory )

RAM is a temporary memory. ram is made up of silicon materials. the mother board on which ram is inserted its called ram slot. The mother board has mostly two ram slot. data are temporary available on the ran until it is saved on hard disk. data are available on the ram until the power supply is continue to mother board thus while ram is called vole tic memory. data are saved on the ram as a cell wise. Computer performance depend on ram speed. Ram also use to display the picture on the monitor.

Trouble Shooting Of Ram

When there is no display on the screen check the ram.
To check the ram, remove the ram from ram slot, clean the ram slot and ram, and insert the ram again.
There are two slot for ram on the mother board, which is called slot1 or slot2. one type of ram must be assembled on both the slot. Other wise it will not work and damage lower size ram in short period.

Processor

CPU in V.L.S.I ( very large scale processor ) Technology is called micro processor or processor. processor is made up of silicon materials. processor main function is to process the data and produce in the standard format. One the mother board where the processor is inserted its called processor socket. Its process the data given by the program and instruction. processor will processing a data in this time it will produce heating so to keep cool cooling gel layer is put on processor and for bring out heat stream there is cooling fan put on processor.

Types Of Processor

Intel dual core
Intel core 2 duo
Intel core i3
Intel core i5
Intel core i7
Etc.

Working Process Of Processor

The processor work in divided in three layer.

A.L.U(Arithmetic And Logical Unit) This is the first step of the processor. where arithmetic and logical operation are done.
M.U(Memory Unit) Its main function is to store the instruction while processor is busy in his processing.
C.U(Control Unit) It is use to control the instruction.

Trouble Shooting Of Processor

To check the processor insert the processor in to processor socket and switch on the computer, if the processor get heated them it is OK otherwise it is Damage.

B.I.O.S And C.M.O.S

B.I.O.S ( Basic Input Output System )

BIOS is a personal OS of mother board.
To start BIOS when computer start press delete key for 4 and 5 times.
BIOS chip is fitted default on mother board.
BIOS is saving a configuration of C.M.O.S.
From BIOS we can disable or enable any parts.
BIOS is working in boot sequence.

C.M.O.S ( Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor )

Cell of C.M.O.S is fitted on mother board.
C.M.O.S will configuring all parts of hardware components.
C.M.O.S will use only 1.3 voltage power from 3.0 voltage and use other 1.5 voltage for managing other parts of hardware components.
C.M.O.S will save date and time.
C.M.O.S will save a BIOS password.
To break a password of BIOS u have to remove C.M.O.S cell or change the jumper of C.M.O.S by alternative.

Mother Board

Mother board is made up of silicon. mother board comes in three colors. red,green,blue. mother board consume 20 voltage power supply.
There Are two types of mother board (1) Non Integrated mother board. This types mother board are not repairable. (2) Integrated mother board. This types mother board are repairable.

Mother Board Components

Processor Socket : Processor socket is the mother board components. where we can insert the processor it is square size flat box.
Parallel Port 7 : It is a port where we can connect parallel device. such as printer,parallel modem etc. it has 25 pins.
Serial Port : It is a port where serial device is connect such as serial mouse,serial printer,etc. it has 9 pins.
U.S.B Port : It is universal serial bus. it can support all types of u.s.b device. in a singal U.S.b bus we can connect 127 device.
Audio Port : This port is used to connect audio device, such as speaker, mice extra.
Ram Slot : Ram slot is used to hold ram. ram slot comes in two types.( S.I.M.M and D.I.M.M )
Expansion Slot: Expansion slot is used to expanse the functionality of the mother board. modern expansion slot is P.C.I & P.C.I.e and A.G.P. A.G.P slot is design for graphic card. in this types of card be inserted, such as internal modem, LAN card, graphic card,TV card.
I.D.E Slot : I.D.E slot is used to connect I.D.E device such as P.A.T.A hard disk and CD drive. I.D.E slot has 39 pins. I.D.E hard disk is connected to I.D.E slot with help of ribbon cable which has group of number wire.
North Bridge : North Bridge is a group of chip. which is called chip set. it control the memory controller, CPU cash memory, A.G.P controller.
South Bridge: South bridge is also a group of chip set, it controls the A.T.A interface, on board LAN, on board serial U.S.B.
B.I.O.S Chip : Is made up of C.M.O.S technology. B.I.O.S chip is used to store basic codes. which is use to control the basic function of the mother board.
C.M.O.S Cell : It is a small cell. it provide power to the B.I.O.S where we shutdown computer due to this computer basic configuration is remain and maintain. like date and time and boot sequence.
Capacitor : Capacitor is used to control the power. if the capacitor is damage and you will replace the capacitor the speed will be miss match and it will damage the other capacitor, so it is not replaced.
Buses : A group of wire which carries the signal from one components to other components on the mother board is called buses.

CD Drive & CD Writer

CD Drive is known as secondary storage device.
it is made up of optical media.
it is come in S.A.T.A and P.A.T.A connector.
CD Drive Or Also two types

CD ROM : Which is used to read only CD Drive.
CD Writer : Which can used to read as well as write the CD.

Buses

Buses is a group of wires. that carries the signal from one components to other components on mother board.
There are three types of buses.

DATA Bus: A bus which carried the data from one device to other device, its called data bus.
Address Bus : Address bus is used to show the location of ram or memory where to store the data.
External Bus: There are five types of external bus. (1) D.M.A bus ( Direct Memory Access ) D.M.A bus is used to access the memory directly without interrupting the processor. (2)I.R.Q bus ( Interrupt Request Query ) I.R.Q is used to carried the request from device to processor it is channel between device to processor. (3) I/O BUS ( Input/Output bus ) this bus connect the input output device to the processor and define which person of ram shut because to process disk program. (4) bus Clocking : To open the file on a particular or fix time, this bus is used. (5) Bus Mastering : When to request are combine with one I.C or Controlling device,it is called bus mastering.

Expansion Slot

Expansion slot is used to expanse the functionality of the mother board.

Types of expansion slot

I.S.A ( Industry Standard Architecture ) It is design by I.B.M in 1984, it is supported by 8 bit and later 16 bit bus, its speed is 1 MHz, Use for network card, sound card, video card,
M.C.A ( micro Channel Architecture ) It is designed by I.B.M in 1987. it is supported by 16 bit and later 32 bit bus. speed is 10MHz. use for graphic card.
E.I.S.A ( Extended industry standard architecture ) It is designed by I.B.M in 1988. it is supported by 32 bit bus. its speed is 8.33 MHz. use of network card, video card.
V.E.S.A ( video electronics standard association ) it is designed by N.E.C Home Electronics in 1989. it is supported by 32 bit bus. its speed 33 MHz. use of video graphic card.
A.G.P ( Accelerated graphics port ) it is designed by Intel in1997. it is supported by 32 bit bus. its speed is 66 MHz. use for video card.
P.C.I ( peripheral component interconnect ) it is designed by Intel in 1992. it is supported by 32 bit and 64 bit bus. its speed is 133 MHz. use for modem,network card.
P.C.I.E ( Peripheral component interconnect express ) it is designed by Intel,HP, in 2004. its supported by 32 bit and 64 bit bus. use for sound card,TV Tuner.

Floppy Disk

Floppy disk is a magnetic memory. it comes in two size 5.1/4 inch and 3.1/2 inch size. it can store data 320 KB to 2.88 MB. floppy drive is connect with mother board thru ribbon cable. this cable has 34 pins.

Trouble Shooting

When the computer is started its time is changed and you will see on desktop " C.M.O.S check sum error", then where problem is in C.M.O.S. So immediately change C.M.O.S battery.
When there is continue beeps,then problem is in ram
If there is no beep or processor is not getting heated so the problem in the processor.
If there is no display at all, cause power supply may be faulty, check the power cable is ok so check the ram or display card.
" non system disk or disk error". This types of error happens due to hard disk. in this case either hard disk is not detected in bios or the operating system is corrupt. check the cable is properly connected and hard disk in showing in bios. then the problem is in the operating system.
When there is blue screen or giving dumping error, the possible cause are : Virus, Ram, Hardware not supporting operating system. check the computer with anti virus, if there is no virus check the ram, if the ram is OK, remove the newly install hardware, at last format the PC.
When computer is restarting, it is due to mother board or processor fault. check the mother board and processor.

Learn About Computer Basic

(1) What is Computer ?

Computer is one type Electronics machine. Which can we use for mechanical & logical process. And Charles Babbage is the founder of computer, in 1822. He is also known as father of computer.

(2) Explain the types of computer (Internal system wise)

01. Analogue Computer

Which is use to input the data with breaking time.

02. Digital Computer

Which is use to input the data without breaking time.

03. Hybrid Computer

It is the mixture of digital & Analogue computer.

(3) Types of computer

01. Desktop

Which type of computer is put on table or desk that is known as Desktop computer.

02. Laptop Computer

Which type of computer is put on lap that is known as Laptop computer.

03. Palmtop Computer

Which type of computer is put on palm of hand that is known as Palmtop.

(4) Parts of computer

01. Monitor.

02. Keyboard.

03. Mouse.

04. CPU.(Central Processing Unit)

(5) What is hardware?

Hardware means physical parts of computer,which can we touch,which can we see.

E.g. Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, cabinet, S.M.P.S, Hard Disk, Ram,Motherboard, processor,CD-Rom, Floppy Drive.

(6) What Is software?

Which can we see but not be touch it’s called as software.

> Types Of Software

(01) System Software

Which we can operate our system it’s called System Software.

           E.g:-   Window 95, Window 98,
                     Window NT, Window XP,
                     Window Vista, Window 7,
                     Window Server 2003,
                     Window Server 2008.

(02) Application Software

Which can we input our data in computer it’s called ‘Software’. E.g:- Ms-Office, Tally, DTP, .Net

(7) What Is Network?

Two Or more than Devices are connected with each other, it is known as a Network.

Network are created for to sharing data, devices and internet connection.

> Types Of Network

(01) Wire Network

When Computer will connect with wire.

(02) Wireless Network

When Computer will connect without wire.

(8) What Is Multimedia?

Multimedia is a software, in this software multiple media are bound. Like text, graphics, audio and video.

(9) Know about mouse

Left Click.
Right Click.
Wheel.

(10) Know about keyboard keys.

Normal Keyboard : 104 keys
Multimedia keyboard : 112 to 136 Keys
Alphabetic Keys : A To Z
Numeric Keys : 0 To 9
Function Keys : F1 To F12
Special Keys          :Shift, Tab, Esc, Caps Lock,
                             Num Lock, Scroll Lock, Alt,
                             Window, Spacebar, Delete,
                             Home, End, Page up, Page down,
                             Insert, Print Screen, Page break,
                             Enter.
Symbolic Keys : ~!@#$%^&*()_+}{“:>?</.,’;][=-

(11) Basic Program & application

(01) Notepad.

(02) Word Pad.

(03) MS-Paint.

(04) DOS. (Disk Operating System).

(05) Microsoft Office Word Pad.

(06) Microsoft Office Excel.

(07) Microsoft Office Power Point.

Learn About Computer Networking

What is Network ?

Two or more computer that are linked in order to share resources like...

Internet connect
Network devices
Data,...etc...

What is Networking ?

Networking in the field of computing is the practice of linking computer devices together to support digital communication among them.

What is Networker ?

A person who can create,manage and maintain the computer connective is know as networker.
A person who is look after is know network or Administrator.

Advantage of the Network ?

Speed : we can send data by network so fast.
Cost : One time expanses not need of DVD,DC,PEN Drive.
Security : Data go with securely in lab nobody can know about it.
Electronic mail : We can send data, photo and other information by mail in all over the word.

Disadvantage Of the Network ?

Virus problem: Due to the network, virus can be effect one to other system.
Required for networker: If any problem is create we have to call the networker to repair to network.

Type of Network

LAN : Connection of two and more than two computers are called as Local Area Network. This network connect a very small geographical area.
CAN: Connection of two and more than two LAN is called as Campus Area Network
MAN: Connection of two or more than two CAN or Cities are called as Metropolitan Area Network
WAN :-The connection of two or more than two different geographical area is called as Wide Area Network.

Type of transmission

UNICAST : Unicast is a type of transmission in which information is sent from only one sender to only one receiver. Eg. Phone call,Chating.
BROADCAST : broadcast is a type of transmission in which information is sent from only one sender to receiver all.
MULTICAST : Multicast is a type of transmission in which information is sent from only one sender to receiver by many.

What is Communication Method ?

How to network devices can communication with other devices is known as communication method.

What is Simplex ?

Simplex is one way direction.
A good example would be your keyboard to your cpu.
computer almost always send characters to printer but printer usually never send character to computer.

What is half duplex ?

half duplex is two way communication
good example of the half duplex is over and out word is necessary for proper communication.

What is full duplex ?

Full duplex is two way communication.
two and more devices can communicate with each other at a time.

Network Devices

Repeater : repeater regenerate incoming signals to extend the range of local area network.
Hub : hub is really nothing more than a multiport repeater. As signal are sent between systems connected to a hub, they are not only regenerated, but also forwarded out each port.
Switch : The working of a networking hub is not much different from a switch. switch has the ability to store the mac address. switch is a intelligent devices of network. switch sends broadcast and unicast packet. switch work on lan network.
Modem : Modem is devices which is use converting digital to analog and analog to digital networking.
NIC Card : Network interface card is use for connection media to motherboard. A nic technically is network adapter hardware add in card such as a pci slot in motherboard.
Router : Router is device which is use for connecting two different network and finding best path to reach source and destination. it is one type super computer.

Protocol

protocol is language which is use for communicating between two or more than two devices.
Networking is work on base protocols, if any protocol is stopped that packet will not send.
there is different type of protocol.

HTTP: Hyper text transfer protocol. this protocol is use for connecting web browser to web server. it is use for connecting home page to client. port no is 80.
FTP: File Transfer Protocol. This protocol is use for transferring data to one to other pc. when data is download at that time FTP is use. Port No is 21
SMTP: Simple mail transfer protocol. This protocol is use for sending mail. Port no is 25
Pop3: Post office protocol. This protocol is use for receiving mail. Port no is 110
TFTP: Trivial file transfer protocol. This protocol is use for travelling data for backup packets. Port no is 69.
DHCP: Dynamic host configuration protocol. it is use for assign ip address automatically to pc. port no is 67,68
DNS: Domain name service. This is use for converting name to ip and ip to name. port no is 53
NTP: Network time protocol. it is use for time synchronization. port no is 123.
ARP: Address resolution protocol. it is use for converting mac address to ip address.
RARP: Reveres address resolution protocol. it is use for converting ip to mac address.
IP: Internet protocol. it is use for identify ip address.
RDP: Remote desktop protocol. it is use for remote desktop service. port no is 3389.
TELNET: This is use for remotely access with CLI base. port no is 23.
TCP: Transmission control protocol. it is suit protocol, it is use for data transfering and base protocol of all protocol. port no is 17.
UDP: User data gram protocol. UDP transferring data and base protocol of all protocol. port no is 6.
SNMP: Simple networking managing protocol. this is use for monitoring of network. port no is 161.

What is port no ?

port no means sockets which is logical path
total port no 65535
reserve port 0 to 1023
public port 1024 to 65535

I.P Address

Address are use for identification. it is like name of person.
it is stored in lan card.
ip add is logical address.
it has 32 bit.
it has 4 octet.
each octet have 8 bit.
it work on layer 3.
it is changing.

MAC Address

MAC is LAN address, which use for identify data in to the LAN.
it is work on layer 2.
it is 48 bit hexadecimal.
switch can understand MAC address.
it is use for system identification.
it is permanent.

Cable

cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another.
Tree types of cable are used.

Coaxial Cable: Coaxial cable has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield.The metal shield helps to block any outside interface from fluorescent lights, motors, and other computer
Twisted pair cable: Twisted pair cable is divided in to two category. 1.Unshielded twisted pair cable. 2.Shielded twisted pair cable. The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ 45 connector. the cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket.
Fiber optical cable: Fiber optical cable is latest technology in cable. in this cable data is converting in to the light. this cable is divided in to two part. 1. single mode cable. 2. multi mode cable.

Network Troubleshooting

Network troubleshooting is very importuned thing for administrator to short out any problem in the network.
troubleshooting of ping. check NIC card is install or not. ip address are give or not. check cable crimping. cable is connected with RJ45 or not. firewall must be off.

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