Parimal Infotech

Thursday, August 30, 2018

Saturday, April 28, 2018

Learn About Computer A+ Hardware

What is Hardware?

Hardware means the physical component of computer, which can we see, touch & repairable.
E.g.: Monitor, keyboard, Mouse. Cabinet, Hard disk, Ram, Floppy disk, S.M.P.S, D.V.D Drive, These Are The Part Of Computer.
In Hardware we can do assembling or dissembling.
In Hardware how to install software will be explain.
If any problem in hardware we can find it from trouble shooting.

What is A+ ?

A+ is an international syllabus,which will be common around the world. This syllabus made by Comp.T.I.A ( Computer Technology Industry Association ).
For this online exam will be given if we can get success then we will get a certificate.
That will be accept all over world.
exam Paper code is 2207-01 and 2207-02.
If you pass out the exam you will be able to open and laptop and other computer device. Because you are the authorize person by Comp.T.I.A.

What is Comp T.I.A ?

Computer Technology Industrial Association.
Comp T.I.A is the association of all manufacturing companies of Hardware components.
It is also published Hardware Syllabus (A+) & Networking Syllabus(N+).
Was created in 1982

Data & Information

DATA means Row material.
E.g. 7
Which can we input
Information means reap material.
E.g. I have 7 pens.
Which can we get.

Types of Data

Hard copy Data: Which can we see, Which can we touch, that is known as Hard copy data.(News Paper, Textbook, etc.)

Soft Copy Data: Which can we see but we cant touch that is known as soft copy data.( Downloaded File, Document File,etc.)

How to Convert the data

Hard copy to soft copy: Scanner
Soft copy to Hard copy: Printer
Hard copy to Hard copy: Xerox
Soft copy to Soft copy: Hard disk to CD

Units of data

Bit: 0 or 1
4 Bits: 1 Nibble
2 Nibbles: 1 Byte
1024 Bytes: 1 KB
1024 KB: 1 MB
1024 MB: 1 GB
1024 GB: 1TB
1024 TB: 1 PB
1024 PB: 1 E.X.A
1024 E X A: 1 Z.B
1024 Z B: 1YB

Types of Devices

INPUT DEVICE
OUTPUT DEVICE
STORAGE DEVICE
PROCESSING DEVICE

INPUT DEVICE

Which can we use for input our data, that is known as input Device.
E.g. Keyboard, Mouse, Webcam,etc.

OUTPUT DEVICE

Which can we use for get our data, that is known as output device.
E.g. Monitor, Printer, etc.

STORAGE DEVICE

Which can we use for store our data from processing devise, that is known as storage device.
E.g. Hard disk, Pen Drive, CD.

PROCESSING DEVICE

Which can we use for process our data between input device & output device that is known as processing device.
E.g. Processor

Hardware Components

Monitor
Cabinet
Keyboard
Mouse
S.M.P.S (switch mode power supply)
Hard disk
Motherboard
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Processor
CD DVD Drive
Floppy Drive

Monitor

Monitor is an output device. Which can gave to output our inputted data.
Monitor used 120 voltage power supply.

Difference between Monitor and TV.

Monitor is machine that display processed data as output of input data on its screen. When TV is an electronic machine that work on sensor.

Types Of Monitor

(1) Analogue

This monitor was black & white and currently there are out of date.

(2) Digital

There are two types of monitor.

Black & White (VDU)

Video Display Unit
In past time there was special kind of monitor in used. that was black & white. that use 9 pin VDU cable.

Color ( VGA )

Video Graphics Array
In present time we used this type of monitor. which used 15 pin VGA cable. and its connected directly motherboard.
There are four types of monitor.

(A) CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

In CRT there is electronic is present when we switch on then electronic gun beam will reflect on electronic. in CRT chemical name phosphorus layer is used. when we switch on power then phosphorus will heated with R.G.B(Red, Green, Blue) and which will form a picture on the display.

(B) LCD (Liquid Cristal Display)

In LCD when we switch on the electronic gun beam will reflect in electronic tube.In LCD liquid is used which is heated with R.G.B and form a number of small dots which create picture on Display.

(C) LED (Light Emitting Diode)

An LED monitor is basically the new version of the LCD monitor that you connect to your computer. in this types of monitor are used small LED lamp.

(D) T.F.T (Thin Film Transistor)

In this types of monitor magnetic foiled is used. there are several type of film transistor on this magnetic foiled. Its looks light LCD but lighter in weight than LCD. Its consume less voltage than LCD.

Keyboard & Mouse

Types of Keyboard
1. Normal Keyboard: In normal keyboard are 102 to 104 keys are present.

Multimedia Keyboard: In multimedia keyboard are 112 to 136 keys are present.

Types Of Keys Of Keyboard

Numeric key: ( 0 to 0 with symbol )
Alphabetic Key: ( A to Z )
Function Key: (F1 to F12
Special Key: ( Shift, tab, caps lock, number lock, scroll lock, Alt, Window, Space bar, delete, home, End, page up, page down, insert, enter, print screen, page break.

Types of Mouse

Mechanical Mouse : It is working by small ball.today we are not show this type of mouse.
Optical Mouse : Today we are use optical mouse. it is work by laser. so it also known as laser mouse.
Touch pad Mouse : It is used for laptop. it is work by finger. it has 2.2 inch mouse plate.
Pan Mouse : It is use for drawing the picture.

Cabinet

cabinet is used to secure all parts of CPU.
There are five types of cabinet

Full Tower Cabinet: Full tower cabinet is used for specially server system.
Mid Tower Cabinet: Now days a cabinet which we used is know as mid tower cabinet.
Mini Tower Cabinet: In old time a cabinet which is used is know as mid tower cabinet.
Slim Tower Cabinet: A cabinet which can we can put down to the desktop which slim in size is known as slim tower cabinet.
Desktop Cabinet: A cabinet which is fitted in the desktop is known as desktop cabinet.

S.M.P.S (Switch Mode Power Supply)

Work of S.M.P.S is to send power to all parts of computer without a monitor. power capacity of S.M.P.S is 450 voltage. our computer will require DC power and a power which is present to our home office is AC power. so S.M.P.S will convert AC current to DC current.
Types of S.M.P.S : (1) AT(Advance Technology) (2) A.T.X(Advance Technology Extended)

Connectors Of S.M.P.S

AT/A.T.X Connectors: This connector will send power to motherboard and it power supply is 20 voltage.
Moles Connector: This connector is used to send power to P.A.T.A hard disk and CD ROM. it will send 4v. power supply and it had 4 pins.
Chip Connector: This connector is used to send power to S.A.T.A hard disk and s.a.t.a. CD ROM.
Burge Connector: this connector will send power to floppy drive.

Trouble Shooting Of S.M.P.S

When our p.c will restart time and time then we can say that the power which is require it our p.c is not getting to it so for sending it require power. in generally such case there is in p.c at connector (24+4) pin is only join. so we have to join (24+4+4)pin.
To check that S.M.P.S is working or not working we have to take one AT connector and put U pin it 1 pin to green cable and 1 pin to black cable and then if it fan will work than said that our S.M.P.S is working.

Types Of Memory

(1) Internal Memory

A memory by which we can load a data is known as internal memory.
E.g: RAM And ROM.

ROM: Rom is a non volatile memory that store the basic input output system program and the hardware settings.
RAM: RAM is a volatile memory used for storing the user data temporarily when the CPU is processing information.

(2) External Memory

A Memory by which we can save and load data is know as external memory.
E.g : Hard disk, pen drive.

Hard Disk

Hard disk is one type of permanent storage device. it will used 17 voltage power supply. it is an external memory. A data were save on hard disk is at platter and on platter data will save in sector wise form.in one sector there will be 512 MB data will save. A data which is present on platter it will read and write with help of head and on head there is magnate present on front of it.

Types Of Hard Disk

P.A.T.A ( Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment ) IN P.A.T.A hard disk there is 4 pin moles connector used for power supply. in P.A.T.A there are 8 pin jumper setting that is divided in two pairs.(1. Primary master 2. primary slave 3 secondary master 4 secondary slave ) these all pins of jumper providing hard disk detection to the CPU. in this jumper setting hard disk and CD DVD writers alternative assembled. That means if hard disk is in primary master than CD DVD writer or other hard disk are should be connected with other three jumper setting. Beside of jumper setting 39 pin I.D.E cable ( integrated drive electronics ) is available for transferring data between mother board to hard disk and hard disk to mother board.
S.A.T.A ( Serial Advanced Technology Attachment ) In S.A.T.A hard disk to supply the power chip connector is used. and if there is no chip connector is available than 4 pin moles connector should be joined with chip converted. In S.A.T.A. hard disk jumper setting are done by default. Be side the chip converter there is S.A.T.A. cable. that prefer data transfer between hard disk and mother board.

Process Of Hard Disk

The hard disk consist platters. on which data is saved. the read write head has small magnet on the top of it.which is used to read and write the data. The number of head are equal to the no of platter on the hard disk. The data are store sector wise on the hard disk. Each sector store 512 bytes of data. data are saved as block wise on the sector.

Trouble Shooting Of Hard Disk

If the jumper setting is not enable then the hard disk detection error will occurred.
If the I.D.E cable is not inserted properly than the Disk boot failure error occurred.
If any pin of I.D.E connector is damage, than the fatal error will come at the time of x.p installation.

RAM ( Random Access Memory )

RAM is a temporary memory. ram is made up of silicon materials. the mother board on which ram is inserted its called ram slot. The mother board has mostly two ram slot. data are temporary available on the ran until it is saved on hard disk. data are available on the ram until the power supply is continue to mother board thus while ram is called vole tic memory. data are saved on the ram as a cell wise. Computer performance depend on ram speed. Ram also use to display the picture on the monitor.

Trouble Shooting Of Ram

When there is no display on the screen check the ram.
To check the ram, remove the ram from ram slot, clean the ram slot and ram, and insert the ram again.
There are two slot for ram on the mother board, which is called slot1 or slot2. one type of ram must be assembled on both the slot. Other wise it will not work and damage lower size ram in short period.

Processor

CPU in V.L.S.I ( very large scale processor ) Technology is called micro processor or processor. processor is made up of silicon materials. processor main function is to process the data and produce in the standard format. One the mother board where the processor is inserted its called processor socket. Its process the data given by the program and instruction. processor will processing a data in this time it will produce heating so to keep cool cooling gel layer is put on processor and for bring out heat stream there is cooling fan put on processor.

Types Of Processor

Intel dual core
Intel core 2 duo
Intel core i3
Intel core i5
Intel core i7
Etc.

Working Process Of Processor

The processor work in divided in three layer.

A.L.U(Arithmetic And Logical Unit) This is the first step of the processor. where arithmetic and logical operation are done.
M.U(Memory Unit) Its main function is to store the instruction while processor is busy in his processing.
C.U(Control Unit) It is use to control the instruction.

Trouble Shooting Of Processor

To check the processor insert the processor in to processor socket and switch on the computer, if the processor get heated them it is OK otherwise it is Damage.

B.I.O.S And C.M.O.S

B.I.O.S ( Basic Input Output System )

BIOS is a personal OS of mother board.
To start BIOS when computer start press delete key for 4 and 5 times.
BIOS chip is fitted default on mother board.
BIOS is saving a configuration of C.M.O.S.
From BIOS we can disable or enable any parts.
BIOS is working in boot sequence.

C.M.O.S ( Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor )

Cell of C.M.O.S is fitted on mother board.
C.M.O.S will configuring all parts of hardware components.
C.M.O.S will use only 1.3 voltage power from 3.0 voltage and use other 1.5 voltage for managing other parts of hardware components.
C.M.O.S will save date and time.
C.M.O.S will save a BIOS password.
To break a password of BIOS u have to remove C.M.O.S cell or change the jumper of C.M.O.S by alternative.

Mother Board

Mother board is made up of silicon. mother board comes in three colors. red,green,blue. mother board consume 20 voltage power supply.
There Are two types of mother board (1) Non Integrated mother board. This types mother board are not repairable. (2) Integrated mother board. This types mother board are repairable.

Mother Board Components

Processor Socket : Processor socket is the mother board components. where we can insert the processor it is square size flat box.
Parallel Port 7 : It is a port where we can connect parallel device. such as printer,parallel modem etc. it has 25 pins.
Serial Port : It is a port where serial device is connect such as serial mouse,serial printer,etc. it has 9 pins.
U.S.B Port : It is universal serial bus. it can support all types of u.s.b device. in a singal U.S.b bus we can connect 127 device.
Audio Port : This port is used to connect audio device, such as speaker, mice extra.
Ram Slot : Ram slot is used to hold ram. ram slot comes in two types.( S.I.M.M and D.I.M.M )
Expansion Slot: Expansion slot is used to expanse the functionality of the mother board. modern expansion slot is P.C.I & P.C.I.e and A.G.P. A.G.P slot is design for graphic card. in this types of card be inserted, such as internal modem, LAN card, graphic card,TV card.
I.D.E Slot : I.D.E slot is used to connect I.D.E device such as P.A.T.A hard disk and CD drive. I.D.E slot has 39 pins. I.D.E hard disk is connected to I.D.E slot with help of ribbon cable which has group of number wire.
North Bridge : North Bridge is a group of chip. which is called chip set. it control the memory controller, CPU cash memory, A.G.P controller.
South Bridge: South bridge is also a group of chip set, it controls the A.T.A interface, on board LAN, on board serial U.S.B.
B.I.O.S Chip : Is made up of C.M.O.S technology. B.I.O.S chip is used to store basic codes. which is use to control the basic function of the mother board.
C.M.O.S Cell : It is a small cell. it provide power to the B.I.O.S where we shutdown computer due to this computer basic configuration is remain and maintain. like date and time and boot sequence.
Capacitor : Capacitor is used to control the power. if the capacitor is damage and you will replace the capacitor the speed will be miss match and it will damage the other capacitor, so it is not replaced.
Buses : A group of wire which carries the signal from one components to other components on the mother board is called buses.

CD Drive & CD Writer

CD Drive is known as secondary storage device.
it is made up of optical media.
it is come in S.A.T.A and P.A.T.A connector.
CD Drive Or Also two types

CD ROM : Which is used to read only CD Drive.
CD Writer : Which can used to read as well as write the CD.

Buses

Buses is a group of wires. that carries the signal from one components to other components on mother board.
There are three types of buses.

DATA Bus: A bus which carried the data from one device to other device, its called data bus.
Address Bus : Address bus is used to show the location of ram or memory where to store the data.
External Bus: There are five types of external bus. (1) D.M.A bus ( Direct Memory Access ) D.M.A bus is used to access the memory directly without interrupting the processor. (2)I.R.Q bus ( Interrupt Request Query ) I.R.Q is used to carried the request from device to processor it is channel between device to processor. (3) I/O BUS ( Input/Output bus ) this bus connect the input output device to the processor and define which person of ram shut because to process disk program. (4) bus Clocking : To open the file on a particular or fix time, this bus is used. (5) Bus Mastering : When to request are combine with one I.C or Controlling device,it is called bus mastering.

Expansion Slot

Expansion slot is used to expanse the functionality of the mother board.

Types of expansion slot

I.S.A ( Industry Standard Architecture ) It is design by I.B.M in 1984, it is supported by 8 bit and later 16 bit bus, its speed is 1 MHz, Use for network card, sound card, video card,
M.C.A ( micro Channel Architecture ) It is designed by I.B.M in 1987. it is supported by 16 bit and later 32 bit bus. speed is 10MHz. use for graphic card.
E.I.S.A ( Extended industry standard architecture ) It is designed by I.B.M in 1988. it is supported by 32 bit bus. its speed is 8.33 MHz. use of network card, video card.
V.E.S.A ( video electronics standard association ) it is designed by N.E.C Home Electronics in 1989. it is supported by 32 bit bus. its speed 33 MHz. use of video graphic card.
A.G.P ( Accelerated graphics port ) it is designed by Intel in1997. it is supported by 32 bit bus. its speed is 66 MHz. use for video card.
P.C.I ( peripheral component interconnect ) it is designed by Intel in 1992. it is supported by 32 bit and 64 bit bus. its speed is 133 MHz. use for modem,network card.
P.C.I.E ( Peripheral component interconnect express ) it is designed by Intel,HP, in 2004. its supported by 32 bit and 64 bit bus. use for sound card,TV Tuner.

Floppy Disk

Floppy disk is a magnetic memory. it comes in two size 5.1/4 inch and 3.1/2 inch size. it can store data 320 KB to 2.88 MB. floppy drive is connect with mother board thru ribbon cable. this cable has 34 pins.

Trouble Shooting

When the computer is started its time is changed and you will see on desktop " C.M.O.S check sum error", then where problem is in C.M.O.S. So immediately change C.M.O.S battery.
When there is continue beeps,then problem is in ram
If there is no beep or processor is not getting heated so the problem in the processor.
If there is no display at all, cause power supply may be faulty, check the power cable is ok so check the ram or display card.
" non system disk or disk error". This types of error happens due to hard disk. in this case either hard disk is not detected in bios or the operating system is corrupt. check the cable is properly connected and hard disk in showing in bios. then the problem is in the operating system.
When there is blue screen or giving dumping error, the possible cause are : Virus, Ram, Hardware not supporting operating system. check the computer with anti virus, if there is no virus check the ram, if the ram is OK, remove the newly install hardware, at last format the PC.
When computer is restarting, it is due to mother board or processor fault. check the mother board and processor.

Learn About Computer Basic

(1) What is Computer ?

Computer is one type Electronics machine. Which can we use for mechanical & logical process. And Charles Babbage is the founder of computer, in 1822. He is also known as father of computer.

(2) Explain the types of computer (Internal system wise)

01. Analogue Computer

Which is use to input the data with breaking time.

02. Digital Computer

Which is use to input the data without breaking time.

03. Hybrid Computer

It is the mixture of digital & Analogue computer.

(3) Types of computer

01. Desktop

Which type of computer is put on table or desk that is known as Desktop computer.

02. Laptop Computer

Which type of computer is put on lap that is known as Laptop computer.

03. Palmtop Computer

Which type of computer is put on palm of hand that is known as Palmtop.

(4) Parts of computer

01. Monitor.

02. Keyboard.

03. Mouse.

04. CPU.(Central Processing Unit)

(5) What is hardware?

Hardware means physical parts of computer,which can we touch,which can we see.

E.g. Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, cabinet, S.M.P.S, Hard Disk, Ram,Motherboard, processor,CD-Rom, Floppy Drive.

(6) What Is software?

Which can we see but not be touch it’s called as software.

> Types Of Software

(01) System Software

Which we can operate our system it’s called System Software.

           E.g:-   Window 95, Window 98,
                     Window NT, Window XP,
                     Window Vista, Window 7,
                     Window Server 2003,
                     Window Server 2008.

(02) Application Software

Which can we input our data in computer it’s called ‘Software’. E.g:- Ms-Office, Tally, DTP, .Net

(7) What Is Network?

Two Or more than Devices are connected with each other, it is known as a Network.

Network are created for to sharing data, devices and internet connection.

> Types Of Network

(01) Wire Network

When Computer will connect with wire.

(02) Wireless Network

When Computer will connect without wire.

(8) What Is Multimedia?

Multimedia is a software, in this software multiple media are bound. Like text, graphics, audio and video.

(9) Know about mouse

Left Click.
Right Click.
Wheel.

(10) Know about keyboard keys.

Normal Keyboard : 104 keys
Multimedia keyboard : 112 to 136 Keys
Alphabetic Keys : A To Z
Numeric Keys : 0 To 9
Function Keys : F1 To F12
Special Keys          :Shift, Tab, Esc, Caps Lock,
                             Num Lock, Scroll Lock, Alt,
                             Window, Spacebar, Delete,
                             Home, End, Page up, Page down,
                             Insert, Print Screen, Page break,
                             Enter.
Symbolic Keys : ~!@#$%^&*()_+}{“:>?</.,’;][=-

(11) Basic Program & application

(01) Notepad.

(02) Word Pad.

(03) MS-Paint.

(04) DOS. (Disk Operating System).

(05) Microsoft Office Word Pad.

(06) Microsoft Office Excel.

(07) Microsoft Office Power Point.

Learn About Computer Networking

What is Network ?

Two or more computer that are linked in order to share resources like...

Internet connect
Network devices
Data,...etc...

What is Networking ?

Networking in the field of computing is the practice of linking computer devices together to support digital communication among them.

What is Networker ?

A person who can create,manage and maintain the computer connective is know as networker.
A person who is look after is know network or Administrator.

Advantage of the Network ?

Speed : we can send data by network so fast.
Cost : One time expanses not need of DVD,DC,PEN Drive.
Security : Data go with securely in lab nobody can know about it.
Electronic mail : We can send data, photo and other information by mail in all over the word.

Disadvantage Of the Network ?

Virus problem: Due to the network, virus can be effect one to other system.
Required for networker: If any problem is create we have to call the networker to repair to network.

Type of Network

LAN : Connection of two and more than two computers are called as Local Area Network. This network connect a very small geographical area.
CAN: Connection of two and more than two LAN is called as Campus Area Network
MAN: Connection of two or more than two CAN or Cities are called as Metropolitan Area Network
WAN :-The connection of two or more than two different geographical area is called as Wide Area Network.

Type of transmission

UNICAST : Unicast is a type of transmission in which information is sent from only one sender to only one receiver. Eg. Phone call,Chating.
BROADCAST : broadcast is a type of transmission in which information is sent from only one sender to receiver all.
MULTICAST : Multicast is a type of transmission in which information is sent from only one sender to receiver by many.

What is Communication Method ?

How to network devices can communication with other devices is known as communication method.

What is Simplex ?

Simplex is one way direction.
A good example would be your keyboard to your cpu.
computer almost always send characters to printer but printer usually never send character to computer.

What is half duplex ?

half duplex is two way communication
good example of the half duplex is over and out word is necessary for proper communication.

What is full duplex ?

Full duplex is two way communication.
two and more devices can communicate with each other at a time.

Network Devices

Repeater : repeater regenerate incoming signals to extend the range of local area network.
Hub : hub is really nothing more than a multiport repeater. As signal are sent between systems connected to a hub, they are not only regenerated, but also forwarded out each port.
Switch : The working of a networking hub is not much different from a switch. switch has the ability to store the mac address. switch is a intelligent devices of network. switch sends broadcast and unicast packet. switch work on lan network.
Modem : Modem is devices which is use converting digital to analog and analog to digital networking.
NIC Card : Network interface card is use for connection media to motherboard. A nic technically is network adapter hardware add in card such as a pci slot in motherboard.
Router : Router is device which is use for connecting two different network and finding best path to reach source and destination. it is one type super computer.

Protocol

protocol is language which is use for communicating between two or more than two devices.
Networking is work on base protocols, if any protocol is stopped that packet will not send.
there is different type of protocol.

HTTP: Hyper text transfer protocol. this protocol is use for connecting web browser to web server. it is use for connecting home page to client. port no is 80.
FTP: File Transfer Protocol. This protocol is use for transferring data to one to other pc. when data is download at that time FTP is use. Port No is 21
SMTP: Simple mail transfer protocol. This protocol is use for sending mail. Port no is 25
Pop3: Post office protocol. This protocol is use for receiving mail. Port no is 110
TFTP: Trivial file transfer protocol. This protocol is use for travelling data for backup packets. Port no is 69.
DHCP: Dynamic host configuration protocol. it is use for assign ip address automatically to pc. port no is 67,68
DNS: Domain name service. This is use for converting name to ip and ip to name. port no is 53
NTP: Network time protocol. it is use for time synchronization. port no is 123.
ARP: Address resolution protocol. it is use for converting mac address to ip address.
RARP: Reveres address resolution protocol. it is use for converting ip to mac address.
IP: Internet protocol. it is use for identify ip address.
RDP: Remote desktop protocol. it is use for remote desktop service. port no is 3389.
TELNET: This is use for remotely access with CLI base. port no is 23.
TCP: Transmission control protocol. it is suit protocol, it is use for data transfering and base protocol of all protocol. port no is 17.
UDP: User data gram protocol. UDP transferring data and base protocol of all protocol. port no is 6.
SNMP: Simple networking managing protocol. this is use for monitoring of network. port no is 161.

What is port no ?

port no means sockets which is logical path
total port no 65535
reserve port 0 to 1023
public port 1024 to 65535

I.P Address

Address are use for identification. it is like name of person.
it is stored in lan card.
ip add is logical address.
it has 32 bit.
it has 4 octet.
each octet have 8 bit.
it work on layer 3.
it is changing.

MAC Address

MAC is LAN address, which use for identify data in to the LAN.
it is work on layer 2.
it is 48 bit hexadecimal.
switch can understand MAC address.
it is use for system identification.
it is permanent.

Cable

cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another.
Tree types of cable are used.

Coaxial Cable: Coaxial cable has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield.The metal shield helps to block any outside interface from fluorescent lights, motors, and other computer
Twisted pair cable: Twisted pair cable is divided in to two category. 1.Unshielded twisted pair cable. 2.Shielded twisted pair cable. The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ 45 connector. the cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket.
Fiber optical cable: Fiber optical cable is latest technology in cable. in this cable data is converting in to the light. this cable is divided in to two part. 1. single mode cable. 2. multi mode cable.

Network Troubleshooting

Network troubleshooting is very importuned thing for administrator to short out any problem in the network.
troubleshooting of ping. check NIC card is install or not. ip address are give or not. check cable crimping. cable is connected with RJ45 or not. firewall must be off.

Thursday, December 8, 2016

What is Footprinting ?

> What is Footprinting ?
> Objectives of Footprinting
> Footprinting Threats
> Internet Footprinting
> Competitive Intelligens
> WHOIS Footprinting
> DNS Footprinting
> Network Footprinting
> Website Footprinting
> Email Footprinting
> Google Hacking
> Footprinting Tools
> Footprinting countermeasure
> Footprinting Pen Testing

Click Here For Download PDF Footprinting and Reconnaissance Click Here For Download PDF Footprinting and Reconnaissance Click Here For Download PDF Footprinting and Reconnaissance Click Here For Download PDF Footprinting and Reconnaissance Click Here For Download PDF Footprinting and Reconnaissance
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Wednesday, November 23, 2016

Introduction to Ethical Hacking

> Elements of information security
> The Security,Functionality,and Usability Triangle
> Security Challenges
> Effects of Hacking
> Who is a Hacker ?
> Hacker Classes
> Types of Hackers
> hacking Phases
> Types of Attacks on a system
> Why Ethical Hacking is Necessary?
> Scope and Limitation of Ethical Hacking
> What do EthicalHackers Do?
> Skills of an Ethical Hackers
> Vulnerability Research

Click Here For Download PDF FILE >> Introduction to Ethical Hacking

Thursday, November 17, 2016

How to find a remote IP

Method 1

To view someone's IP# when they send you hotmail email do this:
1) Click "Options" on the upper right side of the page.
2) On the left side of the page, Click "Mail"
3) Click "Mail Display Settings"
4) Under "Message Headers" select "Full" or "Advanced"
5) Click ok

Method 2
reg a dydns account and install the ip pointer, so each time you ping the host name you regestored

for example:
you regestor the host name myhost.dydns.com, then you keep a little software running on the target host. The little software will keep update your IP to dydns.com server.

so at your pc just start cmd, and ping myhost.dydns.com, it will give you the most updated ip address.

Method 3
neverender, what doesn't work for you? Simply type in nc -vvv -l -p 80 on your box, which will set it to listen in verbose mode on port 80. Then give them a link to your IP address (for example: 111.111.111.11) and tell them to type it in their browser. The browser should resolve the address as well as append port 80 automatically. Just make sure that your friend is not very computer literate.

Method 4
Just download a very simple server such as this one and install it on your comp. Then run it and give your ip to the person you want and tell them to connect to it through a browser. Your server will log their connection and you will get their IP.

link:http://www.download.com/Abyss-Web-Server/3000-2165-10283992.html?tag=lst-0-6

Other Ways
-www.imchaos.com and make a "spy poll" to put in ur profile, this will tell u the IP of anybody who answers ur poll
-originalicons.com there is a page for doin it (i dont like it, but it works)
-or irc

Here is a more detailed tutorial about using NetCat.

http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2003/05/29/netcat.html

Windows users can download NetCat from here:

http://www.atstake.com/research/tools/network_utilities/

How To: Change Your Ip In Less Then 1 Minute

1. Click on "Start" in the bottom left hand corner of screen

2. Click on "Run"

3. Type in "command" and hit ok

You should now be at an MSDOS prompt screen.

4. Type "ipconfig /release" just like that, and hit "enter"

5. Type "exit" and leave the prompt

6. Right-click on "Network Places" or "My Network Places" on your desktop.

7. Click on "properties"

You should now be on a screen with something titled "Local Area Connection", or something close to that, and, if you have a network hooked up, all of your other networks.

8. Right click on "Local Area Connection" and click "properties"

9. Double-click on the "Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)" from the list under the "General" tab

10. Click on "Use the following IP address" under the "General" tab

11. Create an IP address (It doesn't matter what it is. I just type 1 and 2 until i fill the area up).

12. Press "Tab" and it should automatically fill in the "Subnet Mask" section with default numbers.

13. Hit the "Ok" button here

14. Hit the "Ok" button again

You should now be back to the "Local Area Connection" screen.

15. Right-click back on "Local Area Connection" and go to properties again.

16. Go back to the "TCP/IP" settings

17. This time, select "Obtain an IP address automatically"

tongue.gif 18. Hit "Ok"

19. Hit "Ok" again

20. You now have a new IP address

With a little practice, you can easily get this process down to 15 seconds.

P.S:

This only changes your dynamic IP address, not your ISP/IP address. If you plan on hacking a website with this trick be extremely careful, because if they try a little, they can trace it back

How To Block Websties Without Software, block websites

Steps:

1] Browse C:\WINDOWS\system32\drivers\etc
2] Find the file named "HOSTS"
3] Open it in notepad
4] Under "127.0.0.1 localhost" Add 127.0.0.2 www.sitenameyouwantblocked.com , and that site will no longer be accessable.
5] Done!

-So-

127.0.0.1 localhost
127.0.0.2 www.blockedsite.com

-->www.blockedsite.com is now unaccessable<--

For every site after that you want to add, just add "1" to the last number in the internal ip (127.0.0.2) and then the addy like before.

IE: 127.0.0.3 www.blablabla.com
127.0.0.4 www.blablabla.com
127.0.0.5 www.blablabla.com

etc

Delete An "undeletable" File

Open a Command Prompt window and leave it open.
Close all open programs.
Click Start, Run and enter TASKMGR.EXE
Go to the Processes tab and End Process on Explorer.exe.
Leave Task Manager open.
Go back to the Command Prompt window and change to the directory the AVI (or other undeletable file) is located in.
At the command prompt type DEL <filename> where <filename> is the file you wish to delete.
Go back to Task Manager, click File, New Task and enter EXPLORER.EXE to restart the GUI shell.
Close Task Manager.

Or you can try this

Open Notepad.exe

Click File>Save As..>

locate the folder where ur undeletable file is

Choose 'All files' from the file type box

click once on the file u wanna delete so its name appears in the 'filename' box

put a " at the start and end of the filename
(the filename should have the extension of the undeletable file so it will overwrite it)

click save,

It should ask u to overwrite the existing file, choose yes and u can delete it as normal

Here's a manual way of doing it. I'll take this off once you put into your first post zain.

1. Start
2. Run
3. Type: command
4. To move into a directory type: cd c:\*** (The stars stand for your folder)
5. If you cannot access the folder because it has spaces for example Program Files or Kazaa Lite folder you have to do the following. instead of typing in the full folder name only take the first 6 letters then put a ~ and then 1 without spaces. Example: cd c:\progra~1\kazaal~1
6. Once your in the folder the non-deletable file it in type in dir - a list will come up with everything inside.
7. Now to delete the file type in del ***.bmp, txt, jpg, avi, etc... And if the file name has spaces you would use the special 1st 6 letters followed by a ~ and a 1 rule. Example: if your file name was bad file.bmp you would type once in the specific folder thorugh command, del badfil~1.bmp and your file should be gone. Make sure to type in the correct extension.

IP ADDRESS STRUCTURE

Note: the terms multicast address and MSB are explained at the end.

Every station on a PSN (packet switched network) that is based on the TCP/IP

protocol (your computer is one, for example. Yes, we're referring to a host

that is connected to the net) must have an IP address, so it can be identified,

and information can be relayed and routed to it in an orderly fashion.

An IP address consists of a 32 bit logical address. The address is divided

into two fields:

1) The network address:

Assigned by InterNIC (Internet Network Information Center).

In fact most ISPs (internet service providers) purchase a number of addresses

and assign them individually.

2) The host address:

An address that identifies the single nodes throughout the network. It can be assigned

by the network manager, by using protocols for it such as DHCP, or the workstation itself.

[The IP networking protocol is a logically routed protocol, meaning that address 192.43.54.2

will be on the same physical wire as address 192.43.54.3 (of course this is not always true. It depends on the

subnet mask of the network, but all of that can fill a text of its own)

IP address structure:

---.---.---.---

^ ^

| |

network | host

Every " --- " = 8 bits.

The first bits ===> network address

The last bits ===> host address.

with 8 bits you can present from 0-255 . (binary=(2 to the power of 8)-1)

Example:

11000010.01011010.00011111.01001010 (binary)

194.90.31.74 (decimal)

IP address CLASSES :

We can classify IP addreses to 5 groups. You can distinguish them by comparing the "High Order" bits (the first four bits on the

left of the address):

------|--------|--------|-----|--------------|----------|-------------|

A |N.h.h.h | ALL | 0 | 1.0.0.0 | 24/7 | 16,777,214 |

| | ACCEPT | | to | | |

| | HUGE | | 127.0.0.0 | | |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

|N.N.h.h | TO ALL | 10 | 128.1.00 | 16/14 | 65,543 |

B | | LARGE | | to | | |

| | CORPS | | 191.254.00 | | |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

|N.N.N.h |TO ALOT | 110 | 192.0.1.0 | 8/22 | 254 |

C | |OF | | to | | |

| |SMALL | | 223.225.254 | | |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

D | NONE |MULTI-CA|1110 | 224.0.0.0 | NOT FOR | UNKNOWN |

| |RFC-1112| |239.255.255.255| USE | |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

E | NOT FOR|EXPERIME|1,1,1,1| 240.0.0.0 |NOT FOR| NOT FOR USE|

| USE |NTAL | | to |USE | |

| |ADDR. | |254.255.255.255| | |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

N=NETWORK , h=HOST .

Notice the address range 127.X.X.X.

These addresses are assigned to internal use to the network device, and are

used as an application tool only. For example: 127.0.0.1, the most common one,

is called the loopback address - everything sent here goes directly back to

you, without even traveling out on the wire.

Also, some IPs are reserved for VPNs - Virtual Private Networks. These are

local area networks over wide area networks that use the Internet Protocol to

communicate, and each computer inside the network is assigned with an IP

address. So, suppose a certain computer wants to send a data packet to

another host on the network with the IP 'x', but there's also another host on

the Internet that has the same IP - what happens now? So this is why you

cannot use these and other forms of reserved IPs on the Internet.

EXTRA:

Distinguishing different groups:

You have to compare the first byte on the left in the address as follows:

Type | First byte | MSB

| in decimal |

----------------------------

A | 1-127 | 0

----------------------------

B | 128-191 | 10

----------------------------

C | 192-223 | 110

----------------------------

D | 224-239 | 1110

----------------------------

E | 240-254 | 1111

----------------------------

NOTES: Yes, we know, we've left A LOT of things unexplained in this text.

With time, we will write more tutorials to cover these and other subjects. So

in the meantime, I suggest that you go to http://blacksun.box.sk, find the

tutorials page and see if there's anything else that's interesting to you.

And remember - we also have a message board, so if you have any questions,

feel free to post them there.

weird shit (newbie note):

1) Multicast: (copied from RFC 1112)

IP multicasting is the transmission of an IP datagram to a "host

group", a set of zero or more hosts identified by a single IP

destination address. A multicast datagram is delivered to all

members of its destination host group with the same "best-efforts"

reliability as regular unicast IP datagrams, i.e., the datagram is

not guaranteed to arrive intact at all members of the destination

group or in the same order relative to other datagrams.

The membership of a host group is dynamic; that is, hosts may join

and leave groups at any time. There is no restriction on the

location or number of members in a host group. A host may be a

member of more than one group at a time. A host need not be a member

of a group to send datagrams to it.

A host group may be permanent or transient. A permanent group has a

well-known, administratively assigned IP address. It is the address,

not the membership of the group, that is permanent; at any time a

permanent group may have any number of members, even zero. Those IP

multicast addresses that are not reserved for permanent groups are

available for dynamic assignment to transient groups which exist only

as long as they have members.

Internetwork forwarding of IP multicast datagrams(ip packets)is handled by

"multicast routers" which may be co-resident with, or separate from,

internet gateways. A host transmits an IP multicast datagram as a

local network multicast which reaches all immediately-neighboring

members of the destination host group. If the datagram has an IP

time-to-live greater than 1, the multicast router(s) attached to the

local network take responsibility for forwarding it towards all other

networks that have members of the destination group. On those other

member networks that are reachable within the IP time-to-live, an

attached multicast router completes delivery by transmitting the

datagram(ip packet) as a local multicast.

*if you donot understand the above do not worry, it is complicated and dry

but reread it and read it again get a dictionary if it helps.

Hacking is not easy.

2) MSB: Most Significent Bit:

In set numbers the first number on the left is the most important because it

holds the highest value as opposed to the LSB=> least significent bit, it

always holds the the smallest value.

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

The Hackers Underground Handbook

The Hackers Underground Handbook PDF << click here for download

Wednesday, October 26, 2016

ALL About Spyware

There are a lot of PC users that know little about "Spyware", "Mal-ware", "hijackers", "Dialers" & many more. This will help you avoid pop-ups, spammers and all those baddies.

What is spy-ware?
Spy-ware is Internet jargon for Advertising Supported software (Ad-ware). It is a way for shareware authors to make money from a product, other than by selling it to the users. There are several large media companies that offer them to place banner ads in their products in exchange for a portion of the revenue from banner sales. This way, you don't have to pay for the software and the developers are still getting paid. If you find the banners annoying, there is usually an option to remove them, by paying the regular licensing fee.

Known spywares
There are thousands out there, new ones are added to the list everyday. But here are a few:
Alexa, Aureate/Radiate, BargainBuddy, ClickTillUWin, Conducent Timesink, Cydoor, Comet Cursor, eZula/KaZaa Toptext, Flashpoint/Flashtrack, Flyswat, Gator, GoHip, Hotbar, ISTbar, Lions Pride Enterprises/Blazing Logic/Trek Blue, Lop (C2Media), Mattel Brodcast, Morpheus, NewDotNet, Realplayer, Songspy, Xupiter, Web3000, WebHancer, Windows Messenger Service.

How to check if a program has spyware?
The is this Little site that keeps a database of programs that are known to install spyware.

Check Here: http://www.spywareguide.com/product_search.php

If you would like to block pop-ups (IE Pop-ups).
There tons of different types out there, but these are the 2 best, i think.

Try: Google Toolbar (http://toolbar.google.com/) This program is Free
Try: AdMuncher (http://www.admuncher.com) This program is Shareware

If you want to remove the "spyware" try these.
Try: Lavasoft Ad-Aware (http://www.lavasoftusa.com/) This program is Free
Info: Ad-aware is a multi spyware removal utility, that scans your memory, registry and hard drives for known spyware components and lets you remove them. The included backup-manager lets you reinstall a backup, offers and multi language support.

Try: Spybot-S&D (http://www.safer-networking.org/) This program is Free
Info: Detects and removes spyware of different kinds (dialers, loggers, trojans, user tracks) from your computer. Blocks ActiveX downloads, tracking cookies and other threats. Over 10,000 detection files and entries. Provides detailed information about found problems.

Try: BPS Spyware and Adware Remover (http://www.bulletproofsoft.com/spyware-remover.html) This program is Shareware
Info: Adware, spyware, trackware and big brotherware removal utility with multi-language support. It scans your memory, registry and drives for known spyware and lets you remove them. Displays a list and lets you select the items you'd like to remove.

Try: Spy Sweeper v2.2 (http://www.webroot.com/wb/products/spysweeper/index.php) This program is Shareware
Info: Detects and removes spyware of different kinds (dialers, loggers, trojans, user tracks) from your computer.
The best scanner out there, and updated all the time.

Try: HijackThis 1.97.7 (http://www.spywareinfo.com/~merijn/downloads.html) This program is Freeware
Info: HijackThis is a tool, that lists all installed browser add-on, buttons, startup items and allows you to inspect them, and optionally remove selected items.

If you would like to prevent "spyware" being install.
Try: SpywareBlaster 2.6.1 (http://www.wilderssecurity.net/spywareblaster.html) This program is Free
Info: SpywareBlaster doesn`t scan and clean for so-called spyware, but prevents it from being installed in the first place. It achieves this by disabling the CLSIDs of popular spyware ActiveX controls, and also prevents the installation of any of them via a webpage.

Try: SpywareGuard 2.2 (http://www.wilderssecurity.net/spywareguard.html) This program is Free
Info: SpywareGuard provides a real-time protection solution against so-called spyware. It works similar to an anti-virus program, by scanning EXE and CAB files on access and alerting you if known spyware is detected.

Try: XP-AntiSpy (http://www.xp-antispy.org/) This program is Free
Info: XP-AntiSpy is a small utility to quickly disable some built-in update and authentication features in WindowsXP that may rise security or privacy concerns in some people.

Try: SpySites (http://camtech2000.net/Pages/SpySites_Prog...ml#SpySitesFree) This program is Free
Info: SpySites allows you to manage the Internet Explorer Restricted Zone settings and easily add entries from a database of 1500+ sites that are known to use advertising tracking methods or attempt to install third party software.

If you would like more Information about "spyware".
Check these sites.
http://www.spychecker.com/
http://www.spywareguide.com/
http://www.cexx.org/adware.htm
http://www.theinfomaniac.net/infomaniac/co...rsSpyware.shtml
http://www.thiefware.com/links/
http://simplythebest.net/info/spyware.html
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

A Basic Guide to the Internet

The Internet is a computer network made up of thousands of networks worldwide. No one knows exactly how many computers are connected to the Internet. It is certain, however, that these number in the millions.

No one is in charge of the Internet. There are organizations which develop technical aspects of this network and set standards for creating applications on it, but no governing body is in control. The Internet backbone, through which Internet traffic flows, is owned by private companies.

All computers on the Internet communicate with one another using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol suite, abbreviated to TCP/IP. Computers on the Internet use a client/server architecture. This means that the remote server machine provides files and services to the user's local client machine. Software can be installed on a client computer to take advantage of the latest access technology.

An Internet user has access to a wide variety of services: electronic mail, file transfer, vast information resources, interest group membership, interactive collaboration, multimedia displays, real-time broadcasting, shopping opportunities, breaking news, and much more.

The Internet consists primarily of a variety of access protocols. Many of these protocols feature programs that allow users to search for and retrieve material made available by the protocol.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

COMPONENTS OF THE INTERNET

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

WORLD WIDE WEB
The World Wide Web (abbreviated as the Web or WWW) is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext to access several Internet protocols on a single interface. Almost every protocol type available on the Internet is accessible on the Web. This includes e-mail, FTP, Telnet, and Usenet News. In addition to these, the World Wide Web has its own protocol: HyperText Transfer Protocol, or HTTP. These protocols will be explained later in this document.

The World Wide Web provides a single interface for accessing all these protocols. This creates a convenient and user-friendly environment. It is no longer necessary to be conversant in these protocols within separate, command-level environments. The Web gathers together these protocols into a single system. Because of this feature, and because of the Web's ability to work with multimedia and advanced programming languages, the Web is the fastest-growing component of the Internet.

The operation of the Web relies primarily on hypertext as its means of information retrieval. HyperText is a document containing words that connect to other documents. These words are called links and are selectable by the user. A single hypertext document can contain links to many documents. In the context of the Web, words or graphics may serve as links to other documents, images, video, and sound. Links may or may not follow a logical path, as each connection is programmed by the creator of the source document. Overall, the Web contains a complex virtual web of connections among a vast number of documents, graphics, videos, and sounds.

Producing hypertext for the Web is accomplished by creating documents with a language called HyperText Markup Language, or HTML. With HTML, tags are placed within the text to accomplish document formatting, visual features such as font size, italics and bold, and the creation of hypertext links. Graphics and multimedia may also be incorporated into an HTML document. HTML is an evolving language, with new tags being added as each upgrade of the language is developed and released. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), led by Web founder Tim Berners-Lee, coordinates the efforts of standardizing HTML. The W3C now calls the language XHTML and considers it to be an application of the XML language standard.

The World Wide Web consists of files, called pages or home pages, containing links to documents and resources throughout the Internet.

The Web provides a vast array of experiences including multimedia presentations, real-time collaboration, interactive pages, radio and television broadcasts, and the automatic "push" of information to a client computer. Programming languages such as Java, JavaScript, Visual Basic, Cold Fusion and XML are extending the capabilities of the Web. A growing amount of information on the Web is served dynamically from content stored in databases. The Web is therefore not a fixed entity, but one that is in a constant state of development and flux.

For more complete information about the World Wide Web, see Understanding The World Wide Web.

E-MAIL
Electronic mail, or e-mail, allows computer users locally and worldwide to exchange messages. Each user of e-mail has a mailbox address to which messages are sent. Messages sent through e-mail can arrive within a matter of seconds.

A powerful aspect of e-mail is the option to send electronic files to a person's e-mail address. Non-ASCII files, known as binary files, may be attached to e-mail messages. These files are referred to as MIME attachments.MIME stands for Multimedia Internet Mail Extension, and was developed to help e-mail software handle a variety of file types. For example, a document created in Microsoft Word can be attached to an e-mail message and retrieved by the recipient with the appropriate e-mail program. Many e-mail programs, including Eudora, Netscape Messenger, and Microsoft Outlook, offer the ability to read files written in HTML, which is itself a MIME type.

TELNET
Telnet is a program that allows you to log into computers on the Internet and use online databases, library catalogs, chat services, and more. There are no graphics in Telnet sessions, just text. To Telnet to a computer, you must know its address. This can consist of words (locis.loc.gov) or numbers (140.147.254.3). Some services require you to connect to a specific port on the remote computer. In this case, type the port number after the Internet address. Example: telnet nri.reston.va.us 185.

Telnet is available on the World Wide Web. Probably the most common Web-based resources available through Telnet have been library catalogs, though most catalogs have since migrated to the Web. A link to a Telnet resource may look like any other link, but it will launch a Telnet session to make the connection. A Telnet program must be installed on your local computer and configured to your Web browser in order to work.

With the increasing popularity of the Web, Telnet has become less frequently used as a means of access to information on the Internet.

FTP
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. This is both a program and the method used to transfer files between computers. Anonymous FTP is an option that allows users to transfer files from thousands of host computers on the Internet to their personal computer account. FTP sites contain books, articles, software, games, images, sounds, multimedia, course work, data sets, and more.

If your computer is directly connected to the Internet via an Ethernet cable, you can use one of several PC software programs, such as WS_FTP for Windows, to conduct a file transfer.

FTP transfers can be performed on the World Wide Web without the need for special software. In this case, the Web browser will suffice. Whenever you download software from a Web site to your local machine, you are using FTP. You can also retrieve FTP files via search engines such as FtpFind, located at /http://www.ftpfind.com/. This option is easiest because you do not need to know FTP program commands.

E-MAIL DISCUSSION GROUPS
One of the benefits of the Internet is the opportunity it offers to people worldwide to communicate via e-mail. The Internet is home to a large community of individuals who carry out active discussions organized around topic-oriented forums distributed by e-mail. These are administered by software programs. Probably the most common program is the listserv.

A great variety of topics are covered by listservs, many of them academic in nature. When you subscribe to a listserv, messages from other subscribers are automatically sent to your electronic mailbox. You subscribe to a listserv by sending an e-mail message to a computer program called a listserver. Listservers are located on computer networks throughout the world. This program handles subscription information and distributes messages to and from subscribers. You must have a e-mail account to participate in a listserv discussion group. Visit Tile.net at /http://tile.net/ to see an example of a site that offers a searchablecollection of e-mail discussion groups.

Majordomo and Listproc are two other programs that administer e-mail discussion groups. The commands for subscribing to and managing your list memberships are similar to those of listserv.

USENET NEWS
Usenet News is a global electronic bulletin board system in which millions of computer users exchange information on a vast range of topics. The major difference between Usenet News and e-mail discussion groups is the fact that Usenet messages are stored on central computers, and users must connect to these computers to read or download the messages posted to these groups. This is distinct from e-mail distribution, in which messages arrive in the electronic mailboxes of each list member.

Usenet itself is a set of machines that exchanges messages, or articles, from Usenet discussion forums, called newsgroups. Usenet administrators control their own sites, and decide which (if any) newsgroups to sponsor and which remote newsgroups to allow into the system.

There are thousands of Usenet newsgroups in existence. While many are academic in nature, numerous newsgroups are organized around recreational topics. Much serious computer-related work takes place in Usenet discussions. A small number of e-mail discussion groups also exist as Usenet newsgroups.

The Usenet newsfeed can be read by a variety of newsreader software programs. For example, the Netscape suite comes with a newsreader program called Messenger. Newsreaders are also available as standalone products.

FAQ, RFC, FYI
FAQ stands for Frequently Asked Questions. These are periodic postings to Usenet newsgroups that contain a wealth of information related to the topic of the newsgroup. Many FAQs are quite extensive. FAQs are available by subscribing to individual Usenet newsgroups. A Web-based collection of FAQ resources has been collected by The Internet FAQ Consortium and is available at /http://www.faqs.org/.

RFC stands for Request for Comments. These are documents created by and distributed to the Internet community to help define the nuts and bolts of the Internet. They contain both technical specifications and general information.

FYI stands for For Your Information. These notes are a subset of RFCs and contain information of interest to new Internet users.

Links to indexes of all three of these information resources are available on the University Libraries Web site at /http://library.albany.edu/reference/faqs.html.

CHAT & INSTANT MESSENGING
Chat programs allow users on the Internet to communicate with each other by typing in real time. They are sometimes included as a feature of a Web site, where users can log into the "chat room" to exchange comments and information about the topics addressed on the site. Chat may take other, more wide-ranging forms. For example, America Online is well known for sponsoring a number of topical chat rooms.

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a service through which participants can communicate to each other on hundreds of channels. These channels are usually based on specific topics. While many topics are frivolous, substantive conversations are also taking place. To access IRC, you must use an IRC software program.

A variation of chat is the phenomenon of instant messenging. With instant messenging, a user on the Web can contact another user currently logged in and type a conversation. Most famous is America Online's Instant Messenger. ICQ, MSN and Yahoo are other commonly-used chat programs.

Other types of real-time communication are addressed in the tutorial Understanding the World Wide Web.

MUD/MUSH/MOO/MUCK/DUM/MUSE
MUD stands for Multi User Dimension. MUDs, and their variations listed above, are multi-user virtual reality games based on simulated worlds. Traditionally text based, graphical MUDs now exist. There are MUDs of all kinds on the Internet, and many can be joined free of charge. For more information, read one of the FAQs devoted to MUDs available at the FAQ site at

Pages

Thursday, August 30, 2018

Saturday, April 28, 2018

What is Hardware?

What is A+ ?

What is Comp T.I.A ?

Data & Information

Types of Data

How to Convert the data

Units of data

Types of Devices

INPUT DEVICE

OUTPUT DEVICE

STORAGE DEVICE

PROCESSING DEVICE

Hardware Components

Monitor

Difference between Monitor and TV.

Types Of Monitor

(1) Analogue

(2) Digital

Keyboard & Mouse

Types of Keyboard

Types Of Keys Of Keyboard

Types of Mouse

Cabinet

S.M.P.S (Switch Mode Power Supply)

Connectors Of S.M.P.S

Trouble Shooting Of S.M.P.S

Types Of Memory

(1) Internal Memory

(2) External Memory

Hard Disk

Types Of Hard Disk

Process Of Hard Disk

Trouble Shooting Of Hard Disk

RAM ( Random Access Memory )

Trouble Shooting Of Ram

Processor

Types Of Processor

Working Process Of Processor

Trouble Shooting Of Processor

B.I.O.S And C.M.O.S

B.I.O.S ( Basic Input Output System )

C.M.O.S ( Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor )

Mother Board

Mother Board Components

CD Drive & CD Writer

Buses

Expansion Slot

Types of expansion slot

Floppy Disk

Trouble Shooting

Learn About Computer Basic

(1) What is Computer ?

(2) Explain the types of computer (Internal system wise)

01. Analogue Computer

02. Digital Computer

03. Hybrid Computer

(3) Types of computer

01. Desktop

02. Laptop Computer

03. Palmtop Computer

(4) Parts of computer

(5) What is hardware?

(6) What Is software?

(01) System Software

Which we can operate our system it’s called System Software.

(02) Application Software

(7) What Is Network?

> Types Of Network

(01) Wire Network

(02) Wireless Network

(8) What Is Multimedia?

(9) Know about mouse

(10) Know about keyboard keys.

(11) Basic Program & application

What is Network ?

What is Networking ?

What is Networker ?